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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gauß-Test</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b>Gauß-Test</b> oder <b>Z-Test</b> ist in der <a href="Mathematische_Statistik" title="Mathematische Statistik">mathematischen Statistik</a> eine Gruppe von <a href="Statistischer_Test" title="Statistischer Test">Hypothesentests</a> mit <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">standardnormalverteilter</a> <a href="Testpr%C3%BCfgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Testprüfgröße">Testprüfgröße</a> unter der <a href="Hypothese_(Statistik)" title="Hypothese (Statistik)">Nullhypothese</a>. Der Test ist benannt nach <a href="Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß">Carl Friedrich Gauß</a>.
</p><p>Mit dem Gauß-Test werden anhand von <a href="Stichprobe" title="Stichprobe">Stichproben</a>-<a href="Arithmetisches_Mittel" title="Arithmetisches Mittel">Mittelwerten</a> <a href="Hypothese_(Statistik)" title="Hypothese (Statistik)">Hypothesen</a> über die <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswerte</a> derjenigen Grundgesamtheiten geprüft, aus denen die Stichproben stammen.
</p><p>Der Gauß-Test folgt einer ähnlichen Methode wie der <a href="T-Test" title="T-Test">t-Test</a>. Der wichtigste Unterschied liegt in den Voraussetzungen für die Anwendung dieser Tests: Während der t-Test mit den <a href="Empirische_Standardabweichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirische Standardabweichung">empirischen Standardabweichungen</a> der Stichproben arbeitet, müssen für den Gauß-Test die <a href="Standardabweichung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardabweichung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Standardabweichungen der Grundgesamtheiten</a> bekannt sein. Des Weiteren verwendet der Gauß-Test grundsätzlich die Standardnormalverteilung als Kennwerteverteilung, während der t-Test auf die <a href="Studentsche_t-Verteilung" title="Studentsche t-Verteilung">t-Verteilung</a> zurückgreift. Somit ist der Gauß-Test für kleine Stichproben nur bedingt geeignet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Grundlagen">Mathematische Grundlagen</h2></div>
<p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/197911bbfe9fe9540571f88763a0064df10686ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.312ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Stochastisch_unabh%C3%A4ngige_Zufallsvariablen" title="Stochastisch unabhängige Zufallsvariablen">unabhängige</a> <a href="Normalverteilung" title="Normalverteilung">normalverteilte</a> <a href="Zufallsvariable" title="Zufallsvariable">Zufallsvariablen</a> mit <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bfe6d3f115b8d6cb595119ea9bc7962a11db65a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.034ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Standardabweichung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardabweichung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Standardabweichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/380c53c60c8301a5c80924b66363d831dfa80b9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.96ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist ihr <a href="Arithmetisches_Mittel" title="Arithmetisches Mittel">arithmetisches Mittel</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d72fdfeaf2fbd2867495272a4f36d6647be54149.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.162ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>normalverteilt mit Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bfe6d3f115b8d6cb595119ea9bc7962a11db65a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.034ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> und Standardabweichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}/{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}/{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaa744aeaf2323e1f4777e06ee179cfdf014ec08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.453ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}/{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Stichprobenfunktion" title="Stichprobenfunktion">Stichprobenfunktion</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24bd72a472b23368a755ee48b0d7cd14fc2ca1c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.222ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist dann unter der Nullhypothese <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}=\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}=\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d29e2aeec19b7a8a97ef37b1835bd6894218f92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.588ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}=\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Standardnormalverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilung">standardnormalverteilt</a> und wird als <a href="Teststatistik" title="Teststatistik">Teststatistik</a> verwendet. Sie heißt auch Gauß-Statistik.
</p><p>Die Teststatistik kann geschrieben werden als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{X}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}=X+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{X}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}=X+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b398a0c4db2e505b7491a81ca313862da530bc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:52.553ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{X}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}=X+{\frac {\mu _{X}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>also wie eine standardnormalverteilte Zufallsvariable <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> plus eine Zahl, die auf <a href="Standardisierung_(Statistik)" title="Standardisierung (Statistik)">standardisierte</a> Weise die Distanz zwischen dem wirklichen und dem unterstellten Erwartungswert zeigt.
</p><p>Liegen außerdem unabhängige normalverteilte Zufallsvariablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\dots ,Y_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\dots ,Y_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4734aba707c7ab8d949f40c3b36466351f742c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.047ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{1},Y_{2},\dots ,Y_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d61d6c2c7513bb6589518e6c034e7988aadf91c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.888ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span>, Standardabweichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a9fb889441f514e155f65e77dc5b7c7a5a84f35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.814ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span> und arithmetischem Mittel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {Y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}Y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {Y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}Y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5925fca58a2915760bb1a283087e876a00fc12b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.028ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {Y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}Y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>vor, die zusätzlich unabhängig von der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>-Stichprobe sind, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15a083032d43598082ccff44f3675d47a0406a9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.594ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}}}" loading="lazy"></span> normalverteilt mit Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49379bab148fc8079e398fd7bfd747ee05b1356c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.762ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span> und Standardabweichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d8ce018a7d84765f67a4f03d140a0d95c0b829e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:12.61ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Stichprobenfunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {({\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}})-\delta }{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {({\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}})-\delta }{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c46c37ef4cc411a9055c0f1a79c28387e4b72d84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:17.907ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {({\bar {X}}-{\bar {Y}})-\delta }{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist dann unter der Nullhypothese <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6149493ef6f3e501e955a6a11d562d4b0a18adf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.909ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\delta }" loading="lazy"></span> standardnormalverteilt und wird als Teststatistik verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einstichproben-Gauß-Test"><span id="Einstichproben-Gau.C3.9F-Test"></span>Einstichproben-Gauß-Test</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Einstichproben_Gau%C3%9F-Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstichproben Gauß-Test">Einstichproben Gauß-Test</a></i></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h3></div>
<p>Der Einstichproben-Gauß-Test prüft anhand des <a href="Arithmetisches_Mittel" title="Arithmetisches Mittel">arithmetischen Mittels</a> einer <a href="Stichprobe" title="Stichprobe">Stichprobe</a>, ob der Erwartungswert der zugehörigen <a href="Grundgesamtheit" title="Grundgesamtheit">Grundgesamtheit</a> ungleich (bzw. kleiner oder größer) einem vorgegebenen Wert ist.
</p><p>Die Stichprobe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75c2d357bc1b965979bf171b5ba3bac0f68961c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.528ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestehe aus den Ausprägungen unabhängiger Zufallsvariablen und entstamme einer normalverteilten Grundgesamtheit mit unbekanntem Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und bekannter Standardabweichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Es werden getestet bei einem
</p>
<ul><li>zweiseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f322c9ebd24b67502fba0562fb24f7af61efd7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a9e81f92efb64aa071993ed12aad18d66271804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>rechtsseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e0a60453e77c816e474df989081744c5e8a485c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &gt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f51d8b5fe19eb90f6e57321ad2ca81f06c709505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>linksseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f939a406585b06b44eedd26c53ab6ff880474987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &lt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80511b0dd9d7c0a863427d6bb8e020fa4daa915b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird vom Anwender vorgegeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_der_Testprüfgröße"><span id="Berechnung_der_Testpr.C3.BCfgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe"></span>Berechnung der Testprüfgröße</h3></div>
<p>Mit dem Stichprobenmittelwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac7289290243ac81a5db64d7ad3e75c72536941d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.918ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet man die Testprüfgröße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {x}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {x}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74e72d2361262e3d11245182192bdd2f1b7721c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.658ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {x}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test_für_unabhängige_Stichproben"><span id="Zweistichproben-Gau.C3.9F-Test_f.C3.BCr_unabh.C3.A4ngige_Stichproben"></span>Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für unabhängige Stichproben</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendung_2">Anwendung</h3></div>
<p>Der Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für unabhängige Stichproben prüft anhand der arithmetischen Mittel der Stichproben, ob die Erwartungswerte der zugehörigen Grundgesamtheiten verschieden sind.
</p><p>Die unabhängigen Stichproben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75c2d357bc1b965979bf171b5ba3bac0f68961c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.528ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\dots ,y_{m}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\dots ,y_{m}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdf1c4e3659d70fcc1a40d80c8f25c3fc63e93eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.413ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\dots ,y_{m}}" loading="lazy"></span> sollen auch untereinander unabhängig sein und normalverteilten Grundgesamtheiten mit unbekannten Erwartungswerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bfe6d3f115b8d6cb595119ea9bc7962a11db65a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.034ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d61d6c2c7513bb6589518e6c034e7988aadf91c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.888ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span> und bekannten Standardabweichungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/380c53c60c8301a5c80924b66363d831dfa80b9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.96ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a9fb889441f514e155f65e77dc5b7c7a5a84f35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.814ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Y}}" loading="lazy"></span> entstammen.
</p><p>Es werden getestet bei einem
</p>
<ul><li>zweiseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\mu _{0}\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\mu _{0}\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95e61d8984fa836132386ec544722acb6a07c989.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}=\mu _{0}\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\neq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\neq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f2481d412a70de64547f0e00402da9a27607f65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\neq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>rechtsseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\leq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\leq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1db5af8b2bb0d6741a2fb46ee949306de83c6b85.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\leq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}>\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}&gt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6be0f1a8d074cae25e4d35541093396f73407f35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}>\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>linksseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\geq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\geq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27b63357432e8500798d83e8bc34f8f847d3187e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}\geq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}<\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}&lt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4881281f2a3229f6a603f35f4bacb18affc7f32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.336ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu _{X}-\mu _{Y}<\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird vom Anwender vorgegeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_der_Testprüfgröße_2"><span id="Berechnung_der_Testpr.C3.BCfgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe_2"></span>Berechnung der Testprüfgröße</h3></div>
<p>Mit den Stichprobenmittelwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac7289290243ac81a5db64d7ad3e75c72536941d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.918ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d017ad8d3244a22227467a7e9a8c0ed89c10d5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:13.345ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}={\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{i=1}^{m}y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet man die Testprüfgröße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={\frac {{\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}-\mu _{0}}{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={\frac {{\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}-\mu _{0}}{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/473cfde65dfd6c1411f4880f0ce021412b3d4838.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:16.219ex; height:9.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={\frac {{\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}-\mu _{0}}{\sqrt {{\frac {\sigma _{X}^{2}}{n}}+{\frac {\sigma _{Y}^{2}}{m}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test_für_abhängige_(verbundene)_Stichproben"><span id="Zweistichproben-Gau.C3.9F-Test_f.C3.BCr_abh.C3.A4ngige_.28verbundene.29_Stichproben"></span>Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für abhängige (verbundene) Stichproben</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendung_3">Anwendung</h3></div>
<p>Für den Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für abhängige Stichproben müssen Paare <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6dbb919b91ccacf17ed47898048428a1baf9703.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x_{i},y_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> von Messwerten vorliegen, wie man sie z.&nbsp;B. bei Vorher-Nachher-Messungen vorfindet. Mittels der Paardifferenzen wird geprüft, ob für diese Differenzen der Erwartungswert der zugehörigen <a href="Grundgesamtheit" title="Grundgesamtheit">Grundgesamtheit</a> ungleich (bzw. kleiner oder größer) einem vorgegebenen Wert ist.
</p><p>Die Differenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{i}=x_{i}-y_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{i}=x_{i}-y_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/069f8b8e2aa2ebd395b69686b1aecc052a66a15e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.016ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{i}=x_{i}-y_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sollen einer normalverteilten Grundgesamtheit mit unbekanntem Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und bekannter Standardabweichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> entstammen.
</p><p>Es werden getestet bei einem
</p>
<ul><li>zweiseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f322c9ebd24b67502fba0562fb24f7af61efd7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a9e81f92efb64aa071993ed12aad18d66271804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>rechtsseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e0a60453e77c816e474df989081744c5e8a485c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &gt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f51d8b5fe19eb90f6e57321ad2ca81f06c709505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>linksseitigen Test: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f939a406585b06b44eedd26c53ab6ff880474987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &lt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80511b0dd9d7c0a863427d6bb8e020fa4daa915b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird vom Anwender vorgegeben. In den meisten Anwendungsfällen wird auf „Ungleichheit“ (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d4d9a872a55b209f2eb7cc23a71e5e1541bd1f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>) getestet; dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/898374a47df7eb9c201c53dd1bce2fe9d250faff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.717ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_der_Testprüfgröße_3"><span id="Berechnung_der_Testpr.C3.BCfgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe_3"></span>Berechnung der Testprüfgröße</h3></div>
<p>Die Differenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abe3154db7d4f92fb42dd1f80f52f528c6312e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.009ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden eine neue Stichprobe mit arithmetischem Mittel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}d_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}d_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/077581c0226914572efa85b7663f1083317c242e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:13.049ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}d_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Also kann man den Einstichproben-Gauß-Test auf die Stichprobe der Differenzen anwenden und erhält als Testprüfgröße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {d}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {d}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8da864f579f27be7625e9ca685640f7e775aac3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.91ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {n}}\cdot {\frac {{\bar {d}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entscheidung_über_die_Hypothesen"><span id="Entscheidung_.C3.BCber_die_Hypothesen"></span>Entscheidung über die Hypothesen</h2></div>
<p>Bei allen drei Gauß-Tests werden für die Entscheidung über die Annahme bzw. Verwerfung der Hypothesen die allgemeinen Kriterien für <a href="Statistischer_Test" title="Statistischer Test">Hypothesentests</a> angewendet. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> unter der <a href="Nullhypothese" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullhypothese">Nullhypothese</a> eine <a href="Standardnormalverteilte_Zufallsvariable" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardnormalverteilte Zufallsvariable">standardnormalverteilte Zufallsvariable</a> ist, erhält man die folgenden Regeln.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th>zweiseitiger Test
</th>
<th>rechtsseitiger Test
</th>
<th>linksseitiger Test
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Hypothesen
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f322c9ebd24b67502fba0562fb24f7af61efd7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu =\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e0a60453e77c816e474df989081744c5e8a485c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \leq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f939a406585b06b44eedd26c53ab6ff880474987.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}\colon \mu \geq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a9e81f92efb64aa071993ed12aad18d66271804.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu \neq \mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &gt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f51d8b5fe19eb90f6e57321ad2ca81f06c709505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu >\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu &lt;\mu _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80511b0dd9d7c0a863427d6bb8e020fa4daa915b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.975ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}\colon \mu <\mu _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Stichprobenfunktion" title="Stichprobenfunktion">Stichprobenfunktion</a>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24bd72a472b23368a755ee48b0d7cd14fc2ca1c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.222ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24bd72a472b23368a755ee48b0d7cd14fc2ca1c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.222ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>n</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24bd72a472b23368a755ee48b0d7cd14fc2ca1c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.222ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z={\frac {{\bar {X}}-\mu _{0}}{\sigma _{X}}}{\sqrt {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Bedingung für Ablehnung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span><br>und Annahme von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d4d9a872a55b209f2eb7cc23a71e5e1541bd1f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</th>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |Z|>Z_{1-{\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |Z|&gt;Z_{1-{\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d3cf46383c52f8766f20248d0a645aed5d63a00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.881ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |Z|>Z_{1-{\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z>Z_{1-\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z&gt;Z_{1-\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff9a57db4b913b4b1162a95cfe37a7d88b283811.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.751ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z>Z_{1-\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z<-Z_{1-\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z&lt;-Z_{1-\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5ddcc3770ed10ec67a42940bc6f98a9e2eae295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.559ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z<-Z_{1-\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gauß-Test_für_nicht-normalverteilte_Zufallsvariablen"><span id="Gau.C3.9F-Test_f.C3.BCr_nicht-normalverteilte_Zufallsvariablen"></span>Gauß-Test für nicht-normalverteilte Zufallsvariablen</h2></div>
<p>Für große Stichprobenumfänge (&gt; 30 als Faustregel) kann aufgrund des <a href="Zentraler_Grenzwertsatz" title="Zentraler Grenzwertsatz">Zentralen Grenzwertsatzes</a> auf die Normalverteilungsannahme verzichtet werden. Wenn also die für den Gauß-Test geltenden Forderungen an die Erwartungswerte und Standardabweichungen der beteiligten Zufallsvariablen erfüllt sind, geht man davon aus, dass die für die Berechnung von z erforderlichen Summen approximativ normalverteilt sind und der Gauß-Test in guter Näherung korrekte Ergebnisse liefert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Ein bestimmter Blutparameter B ist in der Bevölkerung in sehr guter Näherung normalverteilt mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d8eb2b251a10e93d8965ecdaed576789aac49ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Von einer Gruppe chemisch verwandter Pharmaka ist bekannt, dass sie die Verteilung des Blutparameters verschieben können, d.&nbsp;h. sie verändern möglicherweise den Erwartungswert (unter Beibehaltung der Verteilungsform).
</p><p>Für ein Pharmakon P aus dieser Gruppe soll geprüft werden, ob sich eine solche Veränderung tatsächlich einstellt. Zufällige unabhängige Stichproben des Umfangs n=22 ergeben die folgenden Messwerte für B:
</p>
<pre>ohne Gabe von P x<sub>i</sub> 12 13 10 12 14 11 14 18 15 13 15 13 11 17 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 13
mit Gabe von P y<sub>i</sub> 13 14 13 17 13 16 16 19 17 15 17 15 15 20 15 15 14 15 13 15 16 15
</pre>
<p>Mit diesen Messwerten sollen verschiedene Hypothesen geprüft werden. Das Signifikanzniveau <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> soll jeweils 0,05 betragen; die zugehörigen u-Werte sind dann (im Folgenden alle Werte gerundet):
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha /2)=u(0{,}975)=1{,}960}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0,975</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,960</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha /2)=u(0{,}975)=1{,}960}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132bf6d4eefc3ef1a8f3e205451de230b907ff3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.884ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha /2)=u(0{,}975)=1{,}960}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha )=u(0{,}95)=1{,}645}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>95</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,645</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha )=u(0{,}95)=1{,}645}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96f6a8a0bbdf9eb88e9a9986196478acd02bd3bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.396ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(1-\alpha )=u(0{,}95)=1{,}645}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(\alpha )=u(0{,}05)=-1{,}645}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>05</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1,645</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(\alpha )=u(0{,}05)=-1{,}645}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0df4bbc6b16bd5527834d297d1f203912a2d934.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.202ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(\alpha )=u(0{,}05)=-1{,}645}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Für die Mittelwerte berechnet man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=13{,}32}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>32</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=13{,}32}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b4af043af4d68fdc89da5781d59bc484ba1d299.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.725ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=13{,}32}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}=15{,}36}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}=15{,}36}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99bfb63903ec0ee46b4a7be5b1714d7875cce352.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.697ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {y}}=15{,}36}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<ul><li>1. Hypothese: Die Werte von B liegen nach Verabreichung von P im Mittel oberhalb von 15.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Verfahren: rechtsseitiger Einstichproben-Gauß-Test</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \leq \mu _{0}=15}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \leq \mu _{0}=15}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e06fea7c46b60387c9add3872b23910f952f702b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.302ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \leq \mu _{0}=15}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu >15\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu &gt;15\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b227460b5ee1474c39be64e0010db7a97b09911.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.748ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu >15\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {15{,}36-15}{2}}=0{,}84<1{,}645}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>22</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>84</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1,645</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {15{,}36-15}{2}}=0{,}84&lt;1{,}645}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bb3aab62bb042324c6ab2737b8f52da7fb9fa92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.052ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {15{,}36-15}{2}}=0{,}84<1{,}645}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Entscheidung: H<sub>0</sub> wird beibehalten. Es ließ sich nicht nachweisen, dass die Gabe von P zu einem durchschnittlichen B-Wert oberhalb 15 führt.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>2. Hypothese: Die Werte von B unterscheiden sich im Mittel in den beiden Grundgesamtheiten ohne bzw. mit Gabe von P.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Verfahren: zweiseitiger Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für unabhängige Stichproben</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu _{x}-\mu _{y}=\mu _{0}=0\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu _{x}-\mu _{y}=\mu _{0}=0\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f566c07c63ca566829bc0ee2b2464bc6c96af60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.604ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu _{x}-\mu _{y}=\mu _{0}=0\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu _{x}\neq \mu _{y}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu _{x}\neq \mu _{y}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02c851fb3507ccd1392dd83a7dbc5331f175e33c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.046ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu _{x}\neq \mu _{y}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {|13{,}32-15{,}36|}{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}=3{,}38>1{,}960}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>22</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>13</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>32</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>38</mn>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1,960</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {|13{,}32-15{,}36|}{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}=3{,}38&gt;1{,}960}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/175c5e5887915169d3ec205580237aa2d7582070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:42.612ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {|13{,}32-15{,}36|}{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}=3{,}38>1{,}960}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Entscheidung: H<sub>0</sub> wird zugunsten von H<sub>1</sub> verworfen. Mit einer Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit von höchstens 0,05 wurde nachgewiesen, dass sich bzgl. der Gabe bzw. Nicht-Gabe von P die B-Werte im Mittel unterscheiden.</dd></dl>
<p>Nun soll ein Versuch mit abhängigen Stichproben betrachtet werden. Bei umfangreichen Vorher-Nachher-Untersuchungen wurde für die Veränderung der B-Werte durch die Gabe der betroffenen Pharmaka ebenfalls eine Normalverteilung gefunden, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma =1{,}6}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma =1{,}6}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fb2758d044d19d2ef6992f7ba0746a00675045b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.4ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma =1{,}6}" loading="lazy"></span>. In der Tabelle der Messwerte seien nun die jeweils übereinander stehenden Messwerte in einem Vorher-Nachher-Versuch ermittelt worden.
</p>
<ul><li>3. Hypothese: Die Werte von B liegen nach Gabe von P im Mittel um mehr als 1,25 oberhalb der Werte vor Gabe von P.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Verfahren: linksseitiger Zweistichproben-Gauß-Test für abhängige Stichproben</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \geq \mu _{0}=-1{,}25}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \geq \mu _{0}=-1{,}25}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc1ac68ad3ae81b34b09a816f7b628774fde62c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.92ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu \geq \mu _{0}=-1{,}25}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu <-1{,}25\!\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu &lt;-1{,}25\!\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3370d7e4a166f5a9557ad006e691edc111cde575.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.365ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu <-1{,}25\!\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}=-2{,}045}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2,045</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}=-2{,}045}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a310b07412dac761844bb8608c15184506632dc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.356ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {d}}={\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}=-2{,}045}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {-2{,}045+1,25}{1{,}6}}=-2{,}33<-1{,}645}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>22</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2,045</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>33</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1,645</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {-2{,}045+1,25}{1{,}6}}=-2{,}33&lt;-1{,}645}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a27dcff858326a736260f875c221b4145422645.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:44.673ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z={\sqrt {22}}\cdot {\frac {-2{,}045+1,25}{1{,}6}}=-2{,}33<-1{,}645}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Entscheidung: H<sub>0</sub> wird zugunsten von H<sub>1</sub> verworfen. Mit einer Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit von höchstens 0,05 wurde nachgewiesen, dass bei Vorher-Nachher-Untersuchungen die B-Werte nach Gabe von P im Mittel um mehr als 1,25 oberhalb der B-Werte vor Gabe von P liegen.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="T-Test" title="T-Test">t-Test</a></li>
<li><a href="Varianzanalyse" title="Varianzanalyse">Varianzanalyse</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Rönz/Strohe (Hrsg.): <i>Lexikon Statistik</i>. Gabler, 1994, ISBN 978-3-409-19952-0.</li>
<li>Irle: <i>Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Statistik</i>. Kap. 20. Vieweg und Teubner, 2. Aufl. 2005, ISBN 978-3-519-12395-8.</li>
<li>Cramer/Kamps: <i>Grundlagen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und Statistik: Ein Skript für Studierende der Informatik, der Ingenieur- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften</i>. S. 271ff. Springer, 2. Aufl. 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-77760-1.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Planing: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistikgrundlagen.de/ebook/chapter/z-test-gausstest/">Z-Test/Gaußtest</a></span>
</li>
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